Basic important points of Construction Knowledge to Remember

 

BASIC IMPORTANT POINTS OF CONSTRUCTION KNOWLEDGE TO REMEMBER

This important points in construction may help the new engineers and Site supervisors in fulfilling their duties as site supervisors.

1.Minimum diameter of bars used in slab = 8mm.
2. Minimum diameter of bars used in column = 12mm.
3. Minimum number of bars used in square or rectangular column = 4 bars.

4. In Cantilever Beam Tension Zone is Up & compression zone is Below where as in simply supported Beam Compression Zone is above & Tension is Below

5.Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.

6. Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.

7. For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.

8. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.

9. Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

10. Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for circular column.

11. Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.

12. Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.

13. Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.

14. Density of Construction Material

Material	Density
Bricks	1600 – 1920 kg/m3
Concrete block	1920 kg/ m3
Reinforced concrete	2310 – 2700 kg/ m3

15. Maximum diameter of bars used in slab = 1/8 × thickness of slab.

16. Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50m.

17. Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.

18. PH value of the water should not be less than 6.

19. Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.

20. In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.

21. In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100m2.

22. Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken and at least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm shall be prepared and cured. 3 Cubes each at 7 days and 28 days shall be tested for compressive strength. The test results should be submitted to engineer for approval. If results are unsatisfactory necessary action/rectification/remedial measures has to be exercised.

23. Water used for both mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkali, salts, sugar and organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. The PH. shall be generally between 6 and 8.

24. Lap length for M20 concrete:

Columns – 45d

Beams – 60d

Slabs – 60d

25. Standard size of brick = 190mm×90mm×90 mm = 19cm×9cm×9cm.
26. A good brick clay contains 20 to 30% of alumina, 50 to 60% of silica and the remaining constituents are Lime, Magnesia, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and iron oxide.
27. Color of good brick is deep red, cherry or copper colored.
28. Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.

29. Ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime.
30. The initial setting time of ordinary portland cement should not be less than 30 minutes.

31. The final setting time of ordinary portland cement should not be more than 10 hours.
32. Initial and Final setting time of cement is determined by Vicat’s apparatus.
46. The normal consistency of portland cement is about 25%.
47. When concrete is to be laid under water, Quick setting cement is used.
48. Maximum free fall of concrete allowed to 1.50m.

49. Curing time of RCC Members for different types of cement

Super Sulphate cement: 7 days Ordinary Portland cement

OPC: 10 days

Minerals & Admixture added cement: 14 days

50. Deshuttering Period of RCC member

RCC Member	De-shuttering time
For columns, walls, vertical form works	16-24 hrs.
Soffit formwork to slabs	3 days (props to be refixed after removal)
Soffit to beams props	7 days (props to refixed after removal)
Beams spanning upto 4.5m	7 days
Beams spanning over 4.5m	14 days
Arches spanning up to 6m	14 days
Arches spanning over 6m	21 days

51. Test On Fresh Concrete 

     (a). Slump Test – Workability.     (b). Compacting Factor.     (c).  Vee-Bee Test.

52. Test On Hardened Concrete 

     (a). Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer Test.     (b). Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test.

53. The excess of silica in the clay makes the brick brittle and weak.
54. Process of manufacturing of bricks consists of Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Drying of bricks and Burning of bricks.
55. Moulding of bricks may be hand moulding or machine moulding.
56 .The burning of dry bricks is done either in clamp or in a kiln.
57. The ingredients of ordinary cements are Lime, Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphate, Iron oxide, Magnesia, Sulphur & Alkali’s.
58. Ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime.

59.Slump Range of concrete

Concrete Mixes	Slump range in mm
Columns, Retaining walls	75-150 mm
Beams & Slabs	50-100 mm
CC Pavements	20-30 mm
Decks of bridge	30-75 mm
Vibrated Concrete	12-25 mm
Huge Mass constructions	25-50 mm

60. Electrical conduits shall not run in column.

61. Earth work excavation for basement above 3 m should be stepped form.

62. Any back filling shall be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture content and in layers not more than 200 mm for filling above structure and 300 mm for no structure.

63. soling is specified the soling stones shall be laid at 45° to 60° inclination (and not vertical) with interstices filled with sand.

64. A set of cube tests shall be carried out for each 30 cum of concrete / each levels of casting / each batch of cement.

65. Water cement ratio for different grades of concrete shall not exceed 0.45 for M20 and above and 0.50 For M10 / M15.

66. For concrete grades M20 and above approved admixture shall be used as per mix design requirements.

67.Cement shall be stored in dry places on a raised platform about 200mm above floor level and 300mm away from walls. Bags to be stacked not more than 10 bags high in such a manner that it is adequately protected from moisture and contamination.

68. Cube Quantity

Quantity of Concrete	No. of cubes required
1 – 5 m3	1 No’s
6 0 15 m3	2 No’s
16 – 30 m3	3 No’s
31 – 50 m3	4 No’s
Above 50 m3	4 + 1 No’s of addition of each 50 m3

69. Height of window = 2.1m.
70. Minimum thickness of lintel = 15cm

71. 1 bag of cement = 1.25 cubit feet = 0.0347 cubic meter.
72. No. of cement bags in 1m^3 = 28.8 bags.

Proposed Residential landscaping Design

 

A healthy environment that is also visually appealing in our homes has become increasingly sought when it comes to designing houses and residential spaces, especially during the world’s current context. One of the most successful ways of achieving this is through a thoughtful design of the landscape that complements the built project. 

The art of landscaping is the arrangement of nature’s raw material elements, like vegetation and planting, combined with nonliving elements, such as exterior structures, paving, and decking, in order to create site-specific solutions that enhance the exterior spaces of a project.

We decided to put a wooden trellis to accentuate the walkway and the side garden.

This project design proposal for the residential landscaping project is small space for the garden and walkway purposes. and with the seating area for the family.

Overall we made a design proposal cozy and functional.

STYLISH TV RACK/CONSOLE DESIGN IDEAS

Entertainment units, like any other kind of furniture, come in a variety of styles. While each one has their individual preference when it comes to décor, sleek contemporary designs are ruling the roost at the moment. These trending modern TV unit design ideas are typically characterized by clean lines and uncluttered structure.

Whether you decide to mount your TV on the wall or have it sit on a stand, a TV console is the perfect way to enrich your entertainment experience. Plus, by providing ample storage for your media essentials and a solution to stash away unsightly clutter, the right entertainment unit can also give your décor an extra injection of cleanliness and style. From units with remote controlled tv that make catching up on your favorite TV shows extra cozy to sleek floating TV stands that keep your floor clear and your media organized.

Some of these are bound to catch your fancy and fire your imagination.

#1: Keep It Cool with Wooden Laminate and White Cabinets

Sleek, classy and glamorous, this modern TV unit design has all the elements of a showstopper. The backlit panel makes this minimal entertainment unit stand out.

#2: Make Your Modern TV Design Unit

Make a modern minimalist Design wall decorative hangers and a simple modern tv console. A perfect fit for a modern design house. 

#3: Go for a Neutral Contemporary Design

This TV unit with crisp and clean lines is a textbook example of contemporary furniture. We are particularly impressed by how the shelves have been mounted on this unit for uniformity neutral design.

#4: Show Off that Sleek and Stunning Design

This wall-mounted TV unit  in white and black and brightens up the room. Lighter shades of wood help to create a well-lit look.

#5 Mix styles to make your TV unit design luxurious and opulent

Who doesn’t love luxury? If you want to add some glam elements to your living room, opt for a luxurious entertainment unit. The mixed finish and mixed wall shelves work is a treat for the eyes!

ARCHITECTS AND THIER DESIGN WONDERS

I will feature some of my inspiration Architect designers in the World that captivates my design creativity and inspires me.

These are famous architect with their design wonders that no one think they would came up with those designs.

First on the list is FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.

 Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Falling water (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture". Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing architects worldwide through his works and hundreds of apprentices

Second on my list is FRANK GEHRY,

Frank Owen Gehry, CC, FAIA born Frank Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian-born American architect and designer. A number of his buildings, including his private residence in Santa Monica, California, have become world-renowned attractions.

His works are considered among the most important of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, leading Vanity Fair to call him "the most important architect of our age". He is also the designer of the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.

Third on my list is ZAHA HADID,

Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was a British Iraqi architect, artist and designer, recognized as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Born in Baghdad, Iraq, Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by Suprematism and the Russian avant-garde, Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism to unveil new fields of building."

She was described by The Guardian as the "Queen of the curve", who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity". Her major works include the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics, the Broad Art Museum, Rome's MAXXI Museum, and the Guangzhou Opera House. Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the 2017 Brit Awards. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the Daxing International Airport in Beijing, and the Al Wakrah Stadium in Qatar, a venue for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

Forth on my list is TOM WRIGHT

Born in Shirley, Croydon, Surrey in 1957,Wright studied at the Royal Russell School and then later at the Kingston University School of Architecture. Wright qualified as an architect the same year he was accepted as a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1983 and went on from there to become a director of the architectural practice Lister Drew Haines Barrow, which was taken over in 1991 by Atkins. Wright became head of Atkins' architecture arm.

Wright became design director for the Jumeirah Beach Resort, Dubai, and designed the Burj Al Arab (Tower of the Arabs) at the same time. It was conceived in October 1993 and finished in 1999. The brief was to create an icon for Dubai: a building that would become synonymous with the place, as the Sydney Opera House is with Sydney and the Eiffel Tower is with Paris. The hotel is built in the shape of a dhow's (a traditional Arabic ship) sail to reflect Dubai′s seafaring heritage combined with a modern aspect moving forwards into the future. It costs 2,600 dollars on average per night to stay in a room at the hotel.

The fifth on my list is ADRIAN SMITH,

Adrian D. Smith (born August 19, 1944) is an American architect. He designed the world's tallest structure, Burj Khalifa, as well as the building projected to surpass it, the Jeddah Tower. Among his other projects, he was the senior architect for the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Chicago, the Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai, and Zifeng Tower in Nanjing.